Optimal control theory for time-delay systems addresses the challenge of designing control laws when system dynamics depend explicitly on past states or inputs. Such delays arise in applications ...

Singular systems, often referred to as descriptor or differential-algebraic systems, combine dynamic equations with algebraic constraints and are ubiquitous in modelling electrical networks, ...

Delay lines are more than passive timing tricks—they are deliberate design elements that shape how signals align, synchronize, and stabilize across systems. From their theoretical roots in controlled ...